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Web pages

If the URL is very long, use the site’s home page, so long as it can lead you to the actual page.

Person as author

In-text citations

Author’s surname with year

Ethanoate ions in ammonium ethanoate react with hydrogen ions from hydrochloric acid, producing ethanoic acid (Clark, 2016). ... Brown (no date) states that the ammonium ion and the ethanoate ion effectively neutralize each other.

Reference list

Author (Year) Web page title. Available at: URL (Accessed: Access date).

Brown, P. (no date) Salt hydrolysis, acidity and alkalinity of salt solutions. Available at: https://docbrown.info/page07/equilibria6.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

Clark, J. (2016) Hydrolysing nitriles. Available at: https://chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/nitriles/hydrolysis.html (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

Organization as author

In-text citations

Organization name with year

There have been numerous reports by international bodies on the deadly conflict afflicting Nigeria: among others, Amnesty International (2020), International Crisis Group (2020) and Center for Preventive Action (2022).

Reference list

Organization (Year) Web page title. Available at: URL (Accessed: Access date).

Amnesty International (2020) My heart is in pain: older people’s experience of conflict, displacement, and detention in northeast Nigeria. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4433762020ENGLISH.PDF (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

Center for Preventive Action (2022) Conflict with Boko Haram in Nigeria. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/boko-haram-nigeria (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

International Crisis Group (2020) Violence in Nigeria’s north west: rolling back the mayhem. Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/288-violence-nigerias-north-west-rolling-back-mayhem (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

Blog post

In-text citations

Author’s surname with year

According to Wren-Lewis (2022), real wages are falling because a major cause of rising inflation is a massive increase in energy prices. Dillow (2022) makes the same point: ‘The biggest reason for high inflation is that petrol prices and utility bills are soaring.’

Reference list

Author of post (Year) ‘Post title’, Website title, Day and month of post. Available at: URL of blog (Accessed: Access date).

Dillow, C. (2022) ‘Inflation: the real problem’, Stumbling and Mumbling, 24 March. Available at: https://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2022/03/inflation-the-real-problem.html (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

Wren-Lewis, S. (2022) ‘Why has UK real wage growth been so low?’, Mainly Macro, 20 June. Available at: https://mainlymacro.blogspot.com/2022/06/why-has-uk-real-wage-growth-been-so-low.html (Accessed: 4 July 2022).

No date

In-text citations

Author’s name with ‘no date’

‘The octane rating of a fuel molecule (or petrol mixture) is a measure of how likely it is to auto-ignite. The higher the octane rating, the less likely is the fuel to auto-ignite and cause knocking’ (Brown, no date).

Reference list

Author (no date) Web page title. Available at: URL (Accessed: Access date).

Brown, P. (no date) Modification of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures & alternative fuels - octane number ratings and global warming and climate change. Available at: https://docbrown.info/page06/dfalkanes15.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2022).