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Journal articles

One author

In-text citations

Article author’s surname with year. Optional: page number.

Shields (2002) explains that in the Tang dynasty the category of poems of mourning for a dead wife was ‘neither new nor controversial’ (p. 69). The earliest examples of daowang poems by women mourning the deaths of their husbands are from the Ming dynasty (Fong, 2008). Gu Ruopu wrote an elegy for her husband in seven poems (Robertson, 1992).

Reference list

Article author (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume number(Issue number), pp. Page numbers of article. doi: DOI.

Fong, G. S. (2008) ‘Private emotion, public commemoration: Qian Shoupu’s poems of mourning’, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews, 30, pp. 19-30.

Robertson, M. (1992) ‘Voicing the feminine: constructions of the gendered subject in lyric poetry by women of medieval and late Imperial China’, Late Imperial China, 13(1), pp. 63-110.

Shields, A. M. (2002) ‘Defining experience : the “poems of seductive allure” (yanshi) of the mid-Tang poet Yuan Zhen (779-831)’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 122(1), pp. 61–78. doi: 10.2307/3087653.

Two authors

In-text citations

Authors’ surnames with year. Optional: page number.

Five palisaded enclosures have been identified in Scotland, including the one at Forteviot (Noble and Brophy, 2011a). A major ceremonial complex at Forteviot, similar to Stonehenge, has been revealed through excavations and aerial photography (Noble and Brophy, 2011b). However, earlier excavations at Forteviot did not reveal anything like a royal hall (Alcock and Alcock, 1992).

Reference list

Article author and Article author (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume number(Issue number), pp. Page numbers of article. doi: DOI.

Alcock, L. and Alcock, E. A. (1992) ‘Reconnaissance excavations on Early Historic fortifications and other royal sites in Scotland, 1974-84; 5: A, Excavations & other fieldwork at Forteviot, Perthshire, 1981; B, Excavations at Urquhart Castle, Inverness-shire, 1983; C, Excavations at Dunnottar, Kincardineshire, 1984’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 122, pp. 215-287.

Noble, G. and Brophy, K. (2011a) ‘Big enclosures: the later neolithic palisaded enclosures of Scotland in their northwestern European context’, European Journal of Archaeology, 14(1-2), pp. 60–87. doi: 10.1179/146195711798369346.

Noble, G. and Brophy, K. (2011b) ‘Ritual and remembrance at a prehistoric ceremonial complex in central Scotland: excavations at Forteviot, Perth and Kinross’, Antiquity, 85(329), pp. 787-804. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00068319.

Note: Two of these articles are by the same authors and published in the same year, so the letters a and b are added to the year.

Three authors

In-text citations

Authors’ surnames with year. Optional: page number.

Sirkin, Keenan and Jackson (2005) found a correlation between the outcomes of change programs and four factors (duration, integrity, commitment and effort), while Vrtana, Rosnerova and Krizanova (2021) propose a different behavioural model of change management.

Reference list

Article author, Article author and Article author (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume number(Issue number), pp. Page numbers of article. doi: DOI.

Sirkin, H. L., Keenan, P. and Jackson, A. (2005) ‘The hard side of change management’, Harvard Business Review, 83(10), pp. 108-118.

Vrtana, D., Rosnerova, Z. and Krizanova, A. (2021) ‘Behavioral model of business change management in relation to building competitiveness in market economy conditions’, Business: Theory and Practice, 22(2), pp. 493–503. doi:10.3846/btp.2021.15247.

Four or more authors

Use only the first author’s name + et al. (= and others).

In-text citations

First author’s surname followed by et al. with year. Optional: page number.

A study by Jinek et al. (2012) revealed a family of endonucleases that used dual-RNAs for site-specific DNA cleavage. ... Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, researchers determined the structure of Cascade at a resolution of ∼8 Å (Wiedenheft et al., 2011).

Reference list

First author et al. (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume number(Issue number), pp. Page numbers of article. doi: DOI.

Jinek, M. et al. (2012) ‘A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity’, Science, 337(6096), pp. 816-821. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829.

Wiedenheft, B. et al. (2011) ‘Structures of the RNA-guided surveillance complex from a bacterial immune system’, Nature, 477, pp. 486–489. doi: 10.1038/nature10402.

No page numbers

If there is an article number instead of page numbers, use the article number.

Article authors (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume number(Issue number), article: Article number. doi: DOI.

Hossain, M. M. and Staples, A. E. (2020) ‘Effects of coral colony morphology on turbulent flow dynamics’, PLoS ONE, 15(10), article: e0225676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225676.

Wada, M. et al. (2019) ‘University students’ perspectives on mental illness stigma’, Mental Health & Prevention, 14, article: 200159. doi: 10.1016/j.mph.2019.200159.