Harvard examples
Introduction
Cite your sources in two places:
- In your text, next to the information that you use (an in-text citation)
- In the reference list at the end of your assignment
In-text citations
An in-text citation usually consists of the surname(s) of the author(s) with the year of publication and sometimes the page number.
In this example the authors cite four different sources:
Adapted from: Rego, A. et al. (2021) ‘Gritty leaders promoting employees’ thriving at work’, Journal of Management, 47(5), pp. 1155–1184. doi:10.1177/0149206320904765.
Reference list
The four sources also appear in the reference list at the end of the article, with all the details:
Chartrand, T. L. and Lakin, J. L. (2013) ‘The antecedents and consequences of human behavioral mimicry’, Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), pp. 285-308. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143754.
Duckworth, A. L. (2016) Grit : the power of passion and perseverance. New York: Scribner.
Hobfoll, S. E. et al. (2018) ‘Conservation of resources in the organizational context : the reality of resources and their consequences’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), pp.103-128. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640.
Morgenroth, T., Ryan, M. K. and Peters, K. (2015) ‘The motivational theory of role modeling : how role models influence role aspirants’ goals’, Review of General Psychology, 19(4), pp. 465-483. doi:10.1037/gpr0000059.
Four or more authors
Use the first author’s name + et al. (= and others).
In-text citations
First author’s surname followed by et al. with year. Optional: page number.
Reference list
First author et al. (Year) ...
Gao, X. et al. (2022) ‘A new Lactobacillus gasseri strain HMV18 inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria’, Food Science and Human Wellness, 11(2), pp. 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.010.
Alternative: list all of the authors
Author, Author, Author... and Author (Year) ...
Gao, X., Wang, Z., Li, X., Zhang, X., Du, S., Jia, M., Hu, D., Jia, X., Cong, B., Zhang, Y., Ma, C., Zhou, S. and Zhang, J. (2022) ‘A new Lactobacillus gasseri strain HMV18 inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria’, Food Science and Human Wellness, 11(2), pp. 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.010.
If you are not sure which method to use, ask your teacher.
No date
In-text citations
Author with ‘no date’
Reference list
Author (no date) ...
Chalkbored (no date) Naming compounds with functional groups. Available at: https://chalkbored.com/lessons/chemistry-12/study-note-3-33.pdf (Accessed: 28 May 2021).
No author
In-text citations
Title with year
Reference list
Title (Year) ...
The Economist (2022) ‘Who’s who on the ocean blue’, 443(9292), pp. 75-76.
Same author, same year
In-text citations
Letters a, b, etc. after the year.
Reference list
Author (Year + a/b/c etc.) ...
International Crisis Group (2014a) Afghanistan’s political transition. Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/260-afghanistan-s-political-transition.aspx (Accessed: 17 December 2014).
International Crisis Group (2014b) Resetting Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan . Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/pakistan/262-resetting-pakistan-s-relations-with-afghanistan.aspx (Accessed: 17 December 2014).
In-text citations
There are two basic types of in-text citation: information-prominent (also called parenthetical or non-integral) and author-prominent (also called narrative or integral).
Information-prominent citations
Use this type of citation when the information is more important than the source. The author’s name and the year go in brackets (parentheses).
The focus here is on the rise of the far-right parties, not on Maronitis.
Author-prominent citations
Use this type of citation when the author is important for some reason - perhaps because of their opinion or their discoveries. Their name is included in the normal flow of text. The year goes in brackets.
Here we are interested in Guilluy’s interpretation of this phenomenon.
See Referring to sources for the verbs and nouns you can use with this type of citation.