Academic verbs
300 verbs often found in academic writing
Word | Example |
---|---|
access | This population has difficulties in accessing appropriate, quality health care. |
accord | The weight accorded to each of these considerations depends on the specific project. |
account | After accounting for inflation, the DOD was spending $4 billion more dollars in 1983. |
accumulate | The more dollars the central bank accumulates, the larger this eventual loss will be. |
achieve | After almost 40 years, that goal has been achieved. |
acquire | The first set of words is usually acquired before the age of 3. |
activate | The data the hackers accessed should have activated a red flag within the system. |
adapt | Workers must often develop new skills and adapt to new working conditions. |
address | In reality, the court does not appear to have addressed this issue. |
adhere | The FSLP strategy adheres to the idea of multiple perspectives on learning. |
adopt | These delays cause airlines to shy away from adopting cockpit enhancements. |
advance | This tool can be used to advance or challenge certain political and social goals. |
advocate | Undeterred, he advocated a robust space programme. |
affect | College attendance is affected by tuition and cost. |
aid | Librarians help to guide students through school, aiding in their success. |
align | Two states will feel aligned against a stronger state that threatens them both. |
alleviate | The need to alleviate and eliminate poverty presents humanity with a challenge. |
allocate | Mice were randomly allocated to experimental groups. |
alter | Abnormally high sea temperatures can alter this pattern dramatically. |
analyse | Several studies analysed the same data with different regression models. |
apply | The tribe could not apply its zoning regulations to private non-member land. |
appropriate | Cultures borrowed and appropriated each others’ practices, beliefs, and objects. |
argue | Cochrane (2005), however, argues that this mechanism is irrelevant. |
arise | The dispute arose out of allegations of negligent repair work. |
articulate | The concept of a human right to health was first articulated in 1946. |
ascertain | The vulnerability of these forests to climate change is difficult to ascertain. |
assert | The economist Milton Friedman asserted that there was no such thing as a free lunch. |
assess | In addition, we assessed trends in mean number of cigarettes smoked per day. |
assign | Dante Alighieri assigns hoarders to the fourth circle of his Inferno. |
associate | These studies associate poor quality health care with larger issues of systemic racism. |
assume | For simplicity, we assume that insurers only offer full coverage insurance. |
attain | This ranking was the highest attained by any Anglophone country. |
attempt | This study attempts to fill a crucial gap in understanding the way students behave. |
attribute | Such disparities cannot simply be attributed to barriers in access to care. |
base | The standard deviation of inflation is based on data retrieved from Bloomberg. |
broaden | We can make a compelling case for broadening our definition of intelligence. |
calculate | The target harvest volume was initially calculated using the Hanzlik formula. |
categorize | 59% of the children were categorized as white, 12% as black and 20% as Hispanic. |
centre | Research attention has centred on investigating the aftermath of hurricanes. |
characterize | These schools were in neighbourhoods characterized by high mobility rates. |
cite | Estimates remained 100-fold higher than the 0.1% to 0.3% estimates cited in the report. |
clarify | As Plumwood clarifies, the word “communication” should be taken broadly. |
classify | Sub-categories used for classifying causes of deaths vary between countries. |
coincide | Washington’s interests have partly coincided with Iran’s in the recent past. |
collaborate | The FAO is collaborating with both developed and developing countries. |
communicate | Music can help children learn to talk and communicate. |
compare | The public sector, on average, pays less compared with the private sector. |
compensate | Fibre reinforcement is generally added to compensate for the weakness. |
complement | This method complements and strengthens other writing practices. |
complicate | The patient’s recovery was complicated by infection and graft failure. |
compose | The program was composed of 11 technical paper presentations and a discussion. |
compound | This problem is further compounded by people’s lack of understanding. |
comprehend | There are two ways in which humans comprehend risk. |
comprise | After attrition, the final sample comprised 70 children. |
conceive | He urged readers to conceive of poetry as “capable of higher uses”. |
concern | The case concerned a group of people who had been prevented from using the land. |
conclude | The authors concluded that the vast majority of immunizations are uncomplicated. |
conduct | In 1749 they used a kite to conduct the first weather experiment. |
confer | The Court accepted that the arbitrator had acted within the powers conferred on him. |
confine | Yet Beijing’s border problems are not confined to Hong Kong and Taiwan. |
conform | They followed the tribal code of honour, which did not conform to American values. |
consist | The final study population consisted of 304 Gulf War veterans. |
consolidate | Developing countries are consolidating their positions as capital exporters. |
constitute | Such species constitute an important subgroup of seed dispersers. |
constrain | Indian women are often constrained by mobility, with less than 12% able to drive. |
construct | An open canal was constructed to provide the town with drinking water. |
contain | Google employs a knowledge graph that contains millions of objects and relationships. |
contradict | This finding contradicts the data presented by Ruback and Menard (2001). |
contrast | However, this result contrasts with the result obtained by Bell and Cresswell (1984). |
contribute | Several factors contribute to music video’s centrality. |
control | Table 1 presents results from several regressions controlling for race. |
convert | Raw scores may be converted to standard scores and percentiles. |
convey | The purpose of the lecture is purely to convey information. |
coordinate | Banks often formed clearinghouses to coordinate the exchange of banknotes. |
correspond | A neglectful style of parenting corresponded with children’s poorest performance. |
couple | Unemployment gave rise to a sense of alienation and anger, coupled with boredom. |
culminate | Tensions ratcheted up, culminating in the February 1982 bombardment and massacre. |
cultivate | Plants were cultivated in soil-containing plant trays. |
deem | The family was deemed a “private sphere” into which the government did not enter. |
define | Children were defined as being under the age of 20 years. |
demonstrate | A recent study demonstrated that they efficiently promote anti-parasitic immunity. |
denote | The blue color denotes the similarity between samples, while red denotes disparity. |
depend | Agricultural households’ livelihoods depend on natural resources. |
derive | Oil derived from tar sands can have energy returns on investment as low as 3. |
describe | As described earlier, the struggle continued from 1979 until the 1991 settlement. |
design | The finding has considerable applications for designing disease control programmes. |
designate | ISIS has been designated as a terrorist organization by numerous countries. |
detect | Such phages were also detected in the initial blood cultures. |
determine | The purpose of this study was to determine job satisfaction in medical settings. |
develop | We also developed a questionnaire and interview protocols. |
devise | A search strategy was devised to retrieve relevant articles. |
differ | The statistics in Harris County differ somewhat from those in New York City. |
differentiate | It is important to differentiate tax avoidance from tax evasion. |
diminish | The importance of peer encouragement diminishes for female students over time. |
discern | This article seeks to discern the scenarios in which chemical weapons use is likely. |
discriminate | Flying bees discriminate between stationary and moving objects. |
discuss | As discussed above, the legislative history is somewhat less clear on this point. |
displace | The Pakistani army’s operation against the Taliban displaced over 3 million persons. |
display | Table 1 displays learners’ perceptions about the usefulness of learning English. |
distinguish | We also distinguished between 2 groups of youths exposed to smoking. |
distort | US newspapers consciously distort their reports of the Canadian health system. |
distribute | The benefits of a college education are not distributed equally across society. |
document | Several studies have documented that investors are subject to various biases. |
dominate | This period of economic turmoil allowed Chile to dominate worldwide sales. |
effect | The amendments effected meaningful, but not dramatic, clarifications to the law. |
elaborate | This idea was elaborated further by Lajos Mocsary, who published his thoughts in 1855. |
elicit | Firms would like to create products that elicit an immediate, strong market response. |
embed | The separation of church and state is embedded in the Constitution. |
embody | Rambo embodies heroic, militarized masculinity in his strength and fighting abilities. |
emerge | Several infections that have emerged during the past decade originated in animals. |
emphasize | Public health programmes often emphasize the health benefits of physical activity. |
employ | Women employ a range of strategies to deal with men’s infidelity. |
empower | Article III empowers the federal courts to hear only certain categories of disputes. |
enable | The evidence which is available does enable us, however, to draw some conclusions. |
encompass | The culture also encompasses the neighbouring Ngumba, Beti and Bulu culture groups. |
encounter | The analysts encountered many problems in the process of bridging this gap. |
encourage | We encourage additional research to evaluate these learning opportunities. |
engage | From the 1980s onwards more Kurdish women started to engage in politics. |
enhance | This study sought to enhance our understanding of stress constellations. |
enrich | The slave trade impoverished Africa and enriched America. |
ensure | Providing students with these strategies is essential to ensuring their success in college. |
entail | The most effective treatment of a disease usually entails eradication of its cause. |
equate | Students’ reading development is often equated with growth in cognitive strategies and skills. |
erode | This decision further eroded Native American sovereignty. |
establish | Research has established a direct relationship between substance use and crime. |
estimate | The total proposed bailout was estimated at 13 percent of GDP. |
evaluate | This survey is a useful instrument for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments. |
evidence | Moderate physical activity may decrease obesity rates, as evidenced by this study. |
evolve | Feldman argues that Islamism is evolving in more peaceful and democratic directions. |
exacerbate | The situation was exacerbated by the turmoil of the years leading up to World War I. |
examine | There is a paucity of research that examines the relationship between SES and health. |
exceed | It was estimated that these costs exceeded 246 billion dollars for the year. |
exclude | Fund expenses and other costs are excluded from this research. |
exemplify | Tightening a bolt or a nut with a wrench exemplifies Coulomb friction. |
exert | All of these forces exert downward pressure on demand and thereby prices. |
exhibit | The civil wars in Angola, DRC, Liberia and Sierra Leone exhibited common patterns. |
exist | There exists a middle road between these two alternatives. |
experience | All three cities have experienced severe economic distress over the past decades. |
exploit | Terrorist organizations exploit social networking sites to spread ideologies. |
explore | This article explores the ethical issues raised, as well as the views of patients. |
export | Currently Israel and Cyprus do not export or import almost any power. |
express | Alaska Natives have expressed concern over reports of declining fish runs. |
extend | The results from the current study extend previous findings from clinical studies. |
extract | Data from all included articles were extracted by two reviewers. |
facilitate | The waterflea’s spread has been facilitated by the movement of ballast water in ships. |
focus | Most research is focused on investment products. |
form | Bulimia sufferers tend to avoid forming relationships. |
formulate | The court formulated two conditions that must be satisfied. |
foster | The institute’s core function is to foster collaboration among universities and businesses. |
fulfil | Hizbullah fighters perceive fighting in Syria as fulfilling a religious duty. |
function | A digital reconstruction shows that each building could have functioned as a dwelling. |
generate | Many sources reiterate the view that the act of writing generates ideas. |
govern | Terrorist tactics, in most cases, violated the rules that governed armed conflict. |
ground | These attitudes were grounded in the belief that standards of living were too low. |
group | The variables in Figure 1 can be grouped into three categories for analysis. |
guide | European reactions were guided by domestic political considerations. |
highlight | After highlighting key benefits, we explore various implementation approaches. |
hinder | Their deficiencies in the area of vocabulary hinder their future academic success. |
hypothesize | We hypothesized that 11 out of 60 students (18%) may have been misclassified as at risk. |
identify | Darity and Mason (1998) identified persistent discrimination in labour markets. |
illustrate | As Graph 3 illustrates, this import surge was dominated by consumer durables. |
imply | All this implies that the euro will remain the weak currency of a troubled Europe. |
import | Infected poultry were chicks and ducklings imported from Yunnan Province, China |
improve | Student outcomes failed to improve in response to reductions in pupil-teacher ratios. |
include | The original sample included 6,283 women. |
incorporate | Post-1994 land-reform policy incorporated these somewhat contradictory elements. |
increase | The size of China’s middle class is predicted to increase to 340 million by 2016, |
incur | The office reimbursed the school system for costs incurred by participants. |
indicate | 47% of respondents indicated they had experienced an adverse employment action. |
induce | Administration of ethanol to rats induced a taste preference for saccharin. |
infer | We are reluctant to infer too much from these conflicting results. |
influence | The Slow Food movement is heavily influenced by Mediterranean food culture. |
inform | We use boundaries to help organize space and to inform others of ownership. |
inhabit | The ruins were inhabited from roughly 3000 to 300 BCE. |
initiate | Ankara also initiated a diplomatic offensive and military campaign. |
integrate | Service learning is a strategy that integrates community service with instruction. |
intensify | Racial discrimination against blacks in America intensified after World War I. |
interact | For his robots to interact with humans, they first need to recognize a human face. |
interpret | There are different ways of interpreting the data. |
invoke | These groups invoked American values such as the right of self-defence. |
involve | In a study involving 14,804 students, 61.4% received poor mental health scores |
isolate | It resulted in the decision of the US and Israel to isolate a Hamas-led government. |
justify | This article concludes that the risk to human health justifies a change in policy. |
label | 66.9% of the students were labelled as economically disadvantaged. |
lack | However, evidence is lacking that these old British weapons were used in Yemen. |
limit | Our sample size limited our ability to conduct statistical comparisons. |
link | Agricultural development is intrinsically linked to deforestation. |
locate | Casinos located in rural areas outperformed those in and near New Orleans. |
maintain | Traditional maritime powers insisted on maintaining a three nautical mile limit. |
mandate | Current hours of service were mandated by federal law. |
manifest | Wise (2010) also provides varied examples of how racism manifests itself. |
manipulate | The government’s attempt to manipulate inflation expectations was ineffective. |
map | We mapped the network of connections between dealers and nondealers. |
maximize | They believe the only social responsibility of businesses is to maximize their profits. |
measure | In the private sector success can be measured in terms of profitability. |
mediate | Our relation-ship with the world is increasingly mediated by digital technologies. |
migrate | West Indians have been migrating to the United States for many decades. |
minimize | The university’s efforts to minimize the damage did little to appease critics. |
mitigate | Forests can mitigate the effects of climate change. |
mobilize | The officials utilized different types of social networking strategies to mobilize voters. |
model | We modelled the effect of a vaccine shortage to explore what might have happened. |
modify | Additionally, several sports may be modified for individuals with disabilities. |
monitor | Accordingly, educators should monitor the progress of students and inform parents. |
motivate | Patients need to be motivated to do what is asked of them. |
multiply | Policies to promote renewable energy have multiplied around the world in recent years, |
neglect | Until recently, scholars neglected this important part of her work. |
note | As noted by Tsamenyi et al. (2015), the IUU fishing term is broad. |
observe | We also observed a difference in clean fuel adoption by location. |
obtain | Importers can obtain foreign exchange indirectly from speculators in Hong Kong. |
occur | Parental abduction is most likely to occur during times of discord. |
organize | The human mind naturally organizes its knowledge of the world into categories. |
orient | Extraverts are oriented mostly toward the outer world. |
originate | The academic study of rumours originated during the Second World War. |
outline | These three studies share one deviation from the principles outlined in this paper. |
participate | Farmworkers at 62 camps were asked to participate in the study. |
perceive | Violence toward officials is perceived as more likely to occur in full-contact sports. |
perform | The analysis was performed using SAS statistical analysis software. |
permit | Consumer drug advertising is not permitted in most of the world. |
perpetuate | The legacy of historical racism continues to vilify people of darker colours, perpetuating white privilege. |
persist | That settlement pattern persisted throughout Chinese history. |
posit | Bandura (1977) posits that this belief is enhanced by successes of an individual. |
possess | These individuals do not possess the skills required to succeed in today’s job market. |
precede | The Treaty of New Echota was not the first Cherokee removal treaty. It was preceded by the Treaty of 1817. |
preclude | The cross-sectional design of our investigation precludes us from ascertaining causality. |
predict | Economic theory predicts that industry self-regulation will achieve fewer social benefits. |
present | The financial development and productivity correlation are presented in Figure 7. |
probe | When probed, the students said the teacher helped them to identify grammatical changes. |
process | Samples were frozen shortly after collection and processed later at the laboratory. |
produce | The remaining interventions produced small or negligible effects. |
progress | As the conflict progressed, the Egyptians continued to discover and destroy dozens of tunnels. |
promote | Promoting democracy and promoting development are thought of as separate goals. |
propose | A number of models have been proposed to explain this finding. |
provide | Better signalling is thought to provide a cognitive boost, particularly in older brains. |
publish | Specifically, studies published before 1970 were not reviewed. |
range | L* values represent lightness, ranging from black (0) to white (100). |
recognize | Nonetheless, the authors recognize that 530 operative cases may have been too few to capture rare events. |
reconcile | It is possible to reconcile individual data privacy with socially valuable uses. |
reconstruct | Most of what we know of the Mexican historical compilations is reconstructed from secondary materials. |
redefine | The Black Arts Movement redefined in positive terms what it meant to be black. |
reduce | The sample was drawn through random sampling to reduce bias and error. |
refer | The term haigui has come to refer to people born in China, who spend a few years abroad studying. |
refine | Further work could refine our broadbrush approach to create a more nuanced map of cultural subregions. |
reflect | Stock valuations, of course, partly reflect corporate earnings. |
regard | Its beaches remain widely regarded as spaces of social diversity and accessibility. |
reinforce | Classrooms need a culture that reinforces certain values, such as respect and fairness. |
relate | The results relating to autocratic behaviour should be viewed with caution. |
rely | Their algorithm relies on the assumption that the stratification variable follows a Pareto distribution. |
render | These dramatic changes have rendered existing Supreme Court case law largely obsolete. |
replicate | Nieuwland et al. were not able to replicate some of the key findings of the original study. |
report | No other significant effects were reported. |
represent | Native Americans represent less than one percent of the general population. |
reproduce | However, these results were not reproduced in two multicentre studies in cardiac surgery. |
require | Usually, a high level of certainty is required to have a diagnosis of DVT. |
research | The team carefully researched Muslim burial customs. |
reside | The legal basis of PESCO resides in articles 42(6) and 46 as well as Protocol 10 of the EU Treaty. |
resolve | Further investigations were essential to resolve this issue. |
restrict | Other authoritarian states emulate the Chinese model, restricting Internet access. |
result | This campaign resulted in a reduction in invasive Hib disease across all age groups. |
retain | The result is that small businesses owners retain control over their business. |
reveal | Our results revealed that the serum IL-28A levels were significantly higher in AS patients. |
review | McKenzie (1999) reviewed the available scientific evidence on infection rates. |
revise | More countries have decided to revise their cannabis policies. |
seek | These early migrants were seeking job opportunities and better lives for their families. |
select | The population for the study was a sample selected from secondary schools. |
shape | Their unique language and rituals may have played a key role in shaping the first cities. |
situate | The Assyrian city of Nineveh was situated on the banks of the Tigris River, near present-day Mosul in Iraq. |
span | The content portfolio of EBSCOhost spans almost all academic disciplines. |
specify | The 1974 Budget Act specifies certain procedures the Senate must follow. |
state | As previously stated, the bifurcation categories are mostly introduced for analysis purposes. |
stem | Female entrepreneurs face gender biases stemming specifically from inheritance laws. |
stimulate | It would have to rebuild the oil industry and stimulate growth in other economic sectors. |
strengthen | Peru used this period to build up reserves and strengthen its bargaining position. |
stress | Wal-Mart stresses that it has a policy expressly barring discrimination based on sex. |
strive | The nation must strive to provide education, health-care, sanitation and housing to every child. |
structure | Companies may structure their business operations to limit or avoid taxation. |
subject | The patients were also subjected to routine blood investigations and lipid profile. |
suggest | Emerging evidence suggests that cash transfers have an impact on several measures of food security. |
summarize | The demographic information was summarized in Table 1. |
supplement | Expert witnesses can supplement jurors’ knowledge of serious mental illnesses. |
support | These findings are supported by prior work done in Canada. |
suppress | Many conventional teachers try to suppress the students’ learning initiatives. |
survey | In our study, 2 million samples in eight calendar years were surveyed. |
sustain | Policymakers can generate and sustain political interest in improving arts education. |
tend | The seasonal peak in sales tends to occur before the onset of higher summer temperatures. |
term | We are living at the dawn of what has been termed as "the fourth paradigm of science”. |
test | Kwong and Varnhagen (2005) repeatedly tested 11 six-year old students and 34 adults. |
transcend | The celebration of mass was a communal activity that transcended socio-economic class lines. |
transform | This decade of growth transformed Russian society. |
transmit | However, South Asian music is predominantly orally transmitted. |
underlie | Many different conditions may underlie chronic pain. |
undermine | The government has repeatedly undermined efforts to abolish biological weapons. |
underscore | The scene in which a gang member shoots Jesse underscores the violence gay teens may face. |
undertake | A pilot study was undertaken by Satish Rastogi to diagnose essential needs among scheduled tribes. |
validate | The results were validated by three independent experiments. |
value | Anderson (2003b) described African Americans as valuing mutual aid and religion. |
vary | The justice organizations vary widely in service delivery, resources, missions, goals, and incentives. |
verify | To verify the data obtained from the CAGE analysis, we conducted qPCR analysis in cortical microglia. |
view | The reality of the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon is generally viewed as inhuman. |
warrant | This study concluded that more research was warranted to characterize its extent and nature. |
yield | Data from the current experimental study yielded promising results. |