Reporting verbs
- Discussing and examining
- Referring to other sources
- Defining
- Arguing and claiming
- Providing information
- Focusing and emphasizing
- Demonstrating
- Finding and concluding
- Recommending
Discussing and examining
- address
- Elsewhere Hobbs (1998) addressed the ecology and economy of Sinai opium production, paying particular attention to plant ecology and microhabitats.
- analyse
- Nelson (2000) analysed 469 Halloween costumes and classified a mere 8.7% as gender neutral.
- compare
- The study by Carr (2001) compared and contrasted the perceived placement learning opportunities offered by hospital and community-based placements.
- consider
- Merrick (1997) considered the decline in abundance of forage fish a possible factor in the decline of apex predators in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea.
- describe
- Furthermore, Baake (2003) describes how this resonance may vary for people of different backgrounds and social situations.
- Seed protein contents were measured by the method described by Jackson (1962).
- develop
- This line of argument is further developed by Bartel (2004).
- discuss
- Cochran-Smith (1991) discusses two approaches to preparing teachers to ‘teach against the grain’.
- However, previous studies discussed by Shane (1990) suggest that an adult bottlenose dolphin may consume between 4% and 6% of their body mass daily.
- examine
- Newell, MacFarlane, Lusht, and Bulloch (1993) examined the real estate market in Sydney, Australia.
- explore
- Abdullah (1985) explored the effects of work-family conflict on professional Malaysian women.
- investigate
- Furthermore, Li and Zhu (2003) investigated the damage in the intestinal epithelial cell membrane as a result of heat stress in mice and reached the same conclusion.
- present
- Greene (1992) presents a careful and the most recent analysis of this issue.
- A more modest estimate of the carbon debt is presented by Raina (2002).
- review
- Previously, Reis, Neu, and McGuire (1997) reviewed research on students with learning disabilities who were also gifted.
- This model has been reviewed and refined by Engelson (1989) and has been widely used.
- study
- Shachar (2012) studied the role of dealers in providing liquidity.
- The lack of correspondence between children’s and parents’ attitudes in the present study was also found in a sample of 89 school-age children studied by Malkus (1992).
- survey
- In a recent study using this method, Madaus, Banerjee, and Hamblet (2010) surveyed disability services offices at 183 higher education institutions.
Referring to other sources
- agree
- As noted in the review of literature, Sundberg (1979) agreed with Seashore (1938) that the musical ear is extremely generous.
- cite
- Glusman and Kepner (1988) cited a 1988 survey that indicated that over 60 percent of joint ventures fail.
- mention
- For example, Wiggins (1984) mentions a series of studies into mental practice carried out by physical educator William Anderson in 1897-1898.
- refer
- Klope (1995, p.113) refers to Van Dijk who discovered that many prejudices we hold are traceable to children’s books and textbooks.
Defining
- call
- This is what Kane (1992) calls an argument-based approach to validity.
- define
- Blockstein (2002) defines credibility as ‘capable of being believed’.
- Nonetheless, the role for monetary policy is limited in that it must be passive, as defined by Leeper (1991).
- refer
- Roberts and Styron (2009) referred to this as ‘psychological comfort’ (p.3).
- The most notable challenge involves the social scientist’s ‘ways of thinking’, or what Kuhn (1970) refers to as ‘paradigms’.
Arguing and claiming
- argue
- As Lewis and Westlund (2014) argued, ‘The big-data phenomenon raises many relevant questions for news media.’
- assert
- Porter and Claas (1995) assert that pollution abatement is accompanied by improvement in production efficiency.
- believe
- Sobel (1996) believes that children’s empathy with the natural world is critical.
- claim
- The concept of experience is, as Oakeshott (1933) claimed, one of the most difficult words in the philosophical vocabulary.
- contend
- Majid (2014) contended that using this combined method captures the interest of students.
- maintain
- As Weiss (1979) maintains, children in single-parent homes must ‘grow up a little faster’.
- see
- Bunzl (2005) sees the ‘the new anti-Semitism’ in Europe as comparatively less pressing than Islamophobia.
- stress
- Reinbot, Duda, and Ntoumanis (2004) stressed the importance of the social environment of an athletic team.
Providing information
- add
- Moreover, Marcia (1989) added that the processes of exploration and commitment are best promoted in a secure environment.
- explain
- Collier (1995) explains that second-language acquisition is a complex phenomenon and a lifelong developmental process.
- include
- Similarly, Feuerstein (1992) included a rating scale ranging from 0 (difficult) to 100 (easy) to indicate the perceived difficulty of the listening situation by the listener.
- introduce
- The concept of relative deprivation was introduced by Stouffer (1949) in his studies on The American Soldier.
- note
- Fischer and Turner (1970) noted that there are essentially four factors affecting help-seeking behaviours.
- As noted by Hutchinson (1996), SEM data provide clinicians with a level of confidence around any individual obtained score.
- outline
- The concept of generalized symbolic mediators was introduced by Parsons (1963), and its significance for anthropology has been outlined by Turner (1968).
- point out
- However, Martin (2004) pointed out the need for more research on many of these alternative approaches.
- provide
- Similarly, Grasha (1994) provides a conceptual framework of various teaching styles.
- A thorough review of the history of conch mariculture was provided by Creswell (1994).
- report
- Misra and Singh (2002) reported that animals watered once a day had lower feed intake.
- These figures are slightly below the 36% reported by Snyderman (1991).
- say
- Students learn important research and writing skills, and as Carter (1991) says, the results are ‘nothing short of electric’ (p. 292).
- state
- As O‘Neil, Fisher and Rietschel (2014) stated, ‘The online learning environment is accessible anytime and anywhere.’
- write
- The musicologist Van der Merwe (1992) wrote, ‘From infancy Africans are trained to hear the six-pulse unit as interchangeably 3 + 3 and 2 + 2 + 2, beginning with the lullabies they hear from their mothers.’
Focusing and emphasizing
- emphasize
- Kasperson (1992) emphasized the need for similar studies to clarify the effects of social amplification.
- focus
- Olsen (1970) focused on African Americans who had identified themselves as members of an ethnic minority versus those who did not.
- highlight
- Freeman and Johnson (1998) highlighted the central role of the teacher in language teacher education.
Demonstrating
- demonstrate
- However, Pearlin and Schooler (1978) demonstrated that avoidant coping can be adaptive.
- show
- On another level, Grossen and Kelly (1992) showed that direct instruction is an effective method in a Third-World context.
Finding and concluding
- conclude
- In another work, Ehri (2000) concluded that learning to read and learning to spell are closely related.
- discover
- In addition, Salameh (2011) discovered that students who opted to study English literature in the Hashemite University conceptualize English as a perfect global language to be learnt.
- estimate
- Armstrong (1991) estimated that the number of women getting tattooed has quadrupled over the past 40 years.
- find
- Brown and Medoff (1989) found that larger employers, on average, pay higher salaries.
- It is entirely possible that the more commonly measured frontal electrodes would have revealed such a difference, as found by Saarela (2000).
- identify
- Ridley-Duff and Bull (2011) identified two types of social enterprises: non-profit and forprofit.
- The second objective of the study was to examine the relationship between reaction times and the six major primary abilities originally identified by Thurstone (1938).
- indicate
- Data from the NCES (2013) indicate that lower socio-economic students are at a higher risk of being bullied.
- observe
- Casagrande (1981, pp.260-61) observes that across Ecuador similar opinions are held.
Recommending
- propose
- Claiborne and Vandenburgh (2001) proposed a new role for social workers in disease management.
- The model proposed by Horowitz (1992) showed that the listing price has to balance two opposite and competing effects on the expected outcome.
- recommend
- Walsh and Buckley (1994) recommended addressing the social stigma of homelessness through developmental counselling.
- The current investigation utilized an inductive approach to data analysis recommended by Hatch (2002).
- suggest
- Karsten (2007) suggests that housing quality is composed of two major components: site and situation.
- As suggested by Warnier (1993), the king himself is considered a ‘container of vital substances’ indispensable for the well-being of the village.